¿Hay valores morales objetivos?
¿Hay normas morales universales? Cuando
nos preguntamos qué es justo, qué
comportamientos son buenos, qué debemos hacer, ¿es posible responder con
objetividad a estas preguntas? Estas preguntas son muy importantes y también
muy difíciles de responder. Son, al mismo tiempo, preguntas de filosofía moral
(¿qué es el bien?, ¿cómo debemos actuar?) y de teoría del conocimiento (¿cómo
se forman nuestras ideas morales?, ¿es posible obtener un conocimiento ético
objetivo?). Acerca de ellas hay dos posiciones opuestas: la relativista y la
universalista.
Los relativistas dicen que no es
posible encontrar una respuesta objetiva y válida universalmente para las
preguntas anteriores. Dicen que todo es relativo. Relativo a cada cultura
(relativismo moral) o relativo a cada persona (subjetivismo moral).
El relativismo moral es la teoría
que mantiene que todas las valoraciones y normas morales dependen de cada
cultura o de cada grupo y que no hay nada universal. El subjetivismo moral es
la teoría que afirma que en cuestiones de moral cada persona tiene sus
convicciones y que todas las opiniones tienen el mismo valor. Según los
subjetivistas, por mucho que nos empeñemos en razonar, es imposible llegar a
posiciones comunes o universales, a no ser por pura coincidencia.
Los universalistas afirman que es
posible encontrar valores o ideas (como la de justicia) válidas universalmente
para todos los seres humanos, con independencia de circunstancias culturales o
subjetivas. Afirman que mediante el
diálogo y el uso de nuestra razón podemos
encontrar ideas o normas válidas universalmente, es decir, válidas para
todos los seres humanos.
El problema, como he dicho al
principio, es complejo, y a veces he pensado que tendría que haber una posición intermedia. En ocasiones me parece que los relativistas
tienen razón y que no siempre está claro que las costumbres u opiniones de unos
sean mejores o más verdaderas que las de otros. No obstante, teniendo en cuenta
los argumentos que defienden los universalistas me inclino más por el
universalismo.
Si los relativistas morales
tuviesen razón entonces no sería posible el diálogo entre personas de culturas
distintas, el diálogo intercultural. No obstante, una de las características de
nuestra época es el diálogo intercultural. Por lo tanto, en esto el relativismo
parece equivocarse.
Por otra parte, si los
subjetivistas morales tuviesen razón, entonces no tendría sentido dialogar
argumentativamente –por ejemplo– con alguien que defienda una posición distinta
de la mía sobre la pena de muerte, la tortura, la homosexualidad, la igualdad
entre hombres y mujeres o entre personas de distintas razas o clases sociales,
etc., porque cada uno tendría su opinión y todas las opiniones valdrían por
igual. Sin embargo, creo que esto no es así por dos razones:
1ª) Porque los antropólogos han
probado que existen “universales culturales” (todas las culturas tienen el
concepto de asesinato, distinguiéndolo del de ejecución, muerte en guerra y
otros “homicidios justificables”, como el que se comete en un acto de legítima
defensa; la prohibición del incesto, la prohibición de mentir en circunstancias
definidas, las obligaciones mutuas entre padres e hijos, etc.).
2ª) Sobre todo, porque cualquier
persona exige validez universal para algunas de sus ideas morales,
especialmente para la idea de justicia. Por ejemplo, si alguien quiere
esclavizarme o impedirme que opine libremente, diré que no tiene derecho a
hacerlo, sea cual sea su cultura o sus gustos y opiniones personales. Aquellas convicciones morales que consideramos
exigencias de la justicia que valgan universalmente para todos; es decir,
creemos que podríamos convencer de que son justas a todos los afectados por
ellas, si pudiésemos dialogar racionalmente con ellos.
En conclusión, creo que hablando la
gente se puede entender y que mediante auténticos diálogos racionales se pueden
llegar a establecer ideas o normas éticas que nos convenzan y sean válidas para
todos.
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ResponderEliminarMuchas gracias por la información, súper útil 🙏🏻
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